Old Man And The Sea Essays (877 words) - Fisheries, Ichthyology

Old Man And The Sea After reading this novel, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, I was confused about something the old man kept repeating. During the course of the book, the old man, Santiago, refers to having gone out to far to catch the fish. To me, this sounds as though he is making excuses for himself as to why he could not bring the fish in. On the other hand, he may have realized that he should not have gone out so far because it was not worth it for everything he puts himself and the fish through. I reread over these parts and came to a conclusion about this problem. We know that Santiago sets out on the eighty-fifth day earlier than normal to get a head start on what he believes to be the day he will catch something. He does catch something and it just happens to be the biggest fish he has ever seen in his life. He does everything he can to hook the fish and once hooked; the fish carries him out to sea, moving further and further away from land. The man knows he is not prepared for what is to come but does not let this discourage him and keeps on trying. This tells me that Santiago is courageously devoted to his life of fishing After three days at sea, managing the marlin, and more importantly hunger, he brings the fish in and attaches it to the side of his boat. When the first of the sharks come, he does everything in order to defend himself, but as unprepared as he was, his actions are almost useless. This is when he first says to himself and the marlin beside him, I shouldn't have gone out so far, fish. Neither for you nor me. I'm sorry fish (110). The old man had considered the fish his friend and also a brother the entire time he had been trying to kill it. To me, this asserts a problem. The old man is a fisherman. His life is fishing. There should be no reason to feel sorry for the fish or for himself. Even though the fish he caught is being ripped to shreds by the sharks feeding on it, he caught it and that is what fishing is all about. When he finally finds his way home, with nothing left but the carcass of the marlin left next to him, he asks himself what beat him. His answer is Nothing. I went out to far (120) By telling himself that the only thing he did wrong was go out to far, he is making excuses for himself. He was unprepared for the hunger that would strike him and defenseless against the sharks that would attack his marlin. These were the things that beat him. If he had stopped and let the fish go because he was getting out to far from land, then it would have been the fish that had beat him. Anyway,you look at the situation; the old man was going to lose in the end. The quote above, I went out to far sounds like an admission of defeat but Nothing seems as though he is saying that nothing beat him. Despite the fact that he is defeated by the sharks that took away his prize fish, he has also, in a way, won. He has won the respect of the townspeople that see the carcass and realize what the man had before it was taken from him piece by piece. He has also gained knowledge of being more prepared. As he tells the boy in the end, We must get a good killing lance and always have it on board. You can make the blade from a spring leaf from an old Ford (125). If the man had not gone out so far, then he would have never experienced what he did. He would have come home empty handed and wondered for the rest of his life, if he would have been able to bring the marlin back home with him. And in a way, he did bring it home, by bringing the carcass. The old man's reason for saying that he went out to far is to make himself feel better. He feels bad for destroying the fish and getting nothing out of it

THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay

THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE: EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essay THE NETWORK AS SOMEWHERE ELSE: EVERYTHING AS A SERVICE essayIn actuality, the development of the cloud computing becomes extremely popular because the demand on the clouding services grows fast. Companies as well as individual users need to create effective networks which can store and process huge volumes of information. In such a situation, cloud computing becomes an efficient solution because it is affordable and offers users the possibility to use the cloud server to store the information that may be available to all users, who use the particular cloud, for instance, employees of the particular company.Software as a service is likely to dominate in the future in information management because this cloud service offers the best opportunities for businesses to maintain their information management effectively and securely. The main reason for the development of software as a service grows more and more popular because it is convenient to use for companies, who need effective networ k solutions. At this point, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that today many companies suffer from the information overload and they have to process information fast and effectively.In this regard, it is worth mentioning the fact that organizations tend to the wider use of the cloud technology because they need to store and process huge volume of information, while hard drivers installed on their PCs and laptops cannot store such a huge volume of information. More important, businesses need to share the information between employees that forces them to create networks. Local networks connective several PCs allow users to have access to the information but this technology is plausible only, when there are a few employees, who know perfectly each other and where the information is stored on the PC of each other. Such networks become absolutely ineffective in organizations that have a large number of employees because they cannot use get access to the information of all us ers. At any rate, they will definitely have difficulties with accessing that information because they may not always be able to locate where the target information is stored exactly.In such a context, software as a service model is apparently advantageous because all the information is stored on the server, which all users can access anytime they need. The software as a service model eliminates barriers on the access of users to the information. Therefore, employees can access the information they need easily and fast. All they need to do is to access the server and get the information which they need.Furthermore, software as a service allows storing huge volume of information which facilitates the information storage for the organization. In addition, employees of the company can operate autonomously they do not even need to know what other users are doing, where they store their information and so on as is the case of peer to peer networks. Software as a service offers customers p lausible solution based on the use of the software that allows organizations to create and maintain their network effectively. They can modify their networks as they like.At the same time, software as a service is cost efficient-compared to other clouding models. In fact, software as a service allows users the high level of security, on the one hand, the relatively low cost of the implementation of the solution, on the other. Moreover, software as a service offers a ready-made software solution for businesses. They do not need to customize those solutions. Instead, they just buy it and use it. Therefore, software as a service model does not need the extensive training of employees to use it effectively.Opponents of software as a service argue that this cloud service is unreliable because the entire network will shut down in case of the failure of the service. Moreover, the entire network will not work properly even if the server just has some troubles that prevent it from normal fun ctioning. However, such a view on the software as a service is superficial because users can implement software applications that allow creating redundant drives or even using the second server to backup the main server, if it fails to function properly or just shuts down.At the same time, some critics () are concerned with the information security of software as a service model. In fact, the risk of information breaches in case of using software as a service model is higher compared to more complex solutions, such as platform as a service or infrastructure as s service. On the other hand, the information security can be enhanced since software solutions may be complex and effective in regard to the information security. In addition, software applications are normally updated regularly, while information security becomes one of the major concerns of software developers. This is why it is possible to presuppose that developers of software as a service product will minimize the risk o f information breaches. Therefore, this is why service as a service is likely to become mainstream in the nearest future. Moreover, businesses do need using software as a solution, when they need to use cloud services and when they want to save costs. In addition, users will choose software as a service, if they are not proficient in cloud technology and information technologies because this model of cloud services is the simplest and easiest to use. In case of mass use of information technologies, simplest and most efficient ones normally win. Obviously, many companies may be unwilling to invest into the training of their employees or development of their own IT department to use more complex clouding services and technologies. Instead, they are likely to stick to the simpler clouding model, i.e. to software as a service.Thus, the development of the clouding technology and growing demand on the affordable and reliable clouding services make software as a service the most attractive choice for businesses in the nearest future. Software as a service is attractive because it is relatively cheap, reliable and, in spite of criticism, this technology may be secure.

The Corrupt Practices of the Police and Correctional Systems Assignment

The Corrupt Practices of the Police and Correctional Systems - Assignment Example IV. Correctional Facility Violence. A. Causes of Correctional Facility Violence. B. Types of Correctional Facility Violence. V. Recommendations. A. Recommendations on Police Corruption & Violence. B. Recommendations on Correctional Facility Violence. VI. Conclusion. The Corrupt Practices of the Police and Correctional Systems Abstract Despite many reported improvements that have been made in the past few years the American Police and Correctional System remains steeped in serious problems including violence, corruption and an endemic culture of brutality that unfortunately continues to unfairly target and harm especially minorities. Since the highly publicized brazen police brutality captured on film being meted out on Rodney King in Los Angeles more than a decade ago in 1992, there still continue to be many reports of instances of law enforcement officials using undue force on civilians either while arresting them, after they have been arrested and while being interrogated. The cult ure of violence continues into the correctional institutions where prison officials regularly brutalize inmates. The police forces in many states also continue to be in the midst of corruption and highly stressful work conditions that to a great degree also contribute to this violence. Introduction Working as a policeman has long been considered not only a noble and sacrificial vocation but one that brings with it a strenuous, high octane and sometimes highly dangerous occupation. It calls for a dedication that goes far beyond many non-public minded citizens and can be a thankless, never-ending task for which many officers receive little or no recognition, despite the fact they are usually out there putting their life and limb literally on the line of fire day in day out. There is a large number of police officers and correctional facility minders who perform their duties with a high degree of integrity, honesty and dedication. Unfortunately, there are still a number of police offic ers of all ranks in the police forces throughout the country who have succumbed to the pressures of their jobs and the stress it inflicts on them to resort to corrupt and violent behavior that continues to be reported (Carter, 2012). Corruption & Violence According to a typical police officer’s code of ethics that members of the police force are required by law to abide by, one of the key requirements is that they must out their duties with a high degree of integrity, a great deal of fairness and in a totally impartial way. They are also expected to ensure that they do not exceed their authority or violate the constitutional rights of any person (Florida Department of Law Enforcement, n.d.). Yet one needs only look at the daily press to see the constant news of police officers breaking each of these basic rules. In April, 2013, a former New York detective retired and sued the NYPD, claiming that the department’s internal affairs department – their own unit for p roviding over the workings of the department – for discrimination against her because of her race and for being unable or unwilling to tackle the corruption in the department (Marzulli, 2013). In October another NYPD officer, on being sentenced for felony charges of civil rights violation said in open court that the NYPD was the most corrupt police department in the world (Signore, 2012). Many police departments are plagued by an endemic corruption that has long persisted in many police departments such as the NYPD and the Chicago Police Department (CPD). The

The Euro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Euro - Essay Example For instance, Germany has been accused to have benefited from the economic integration at the expense of other states like Greece and Italy, which have experienced enormous economic turbulence (Arestis 23). Many parties have argued that the absence of action by the euro leaders could worsen the euro crisis. There are, however, diverse arguments on whether the euro should be maintained or not. It is imperative to note that the genesis of the euro problem is from both the government and the private sector. In Greece, for instance, the government mismanaged their finances despite the large amount of borrowings that it had made (Lynn 123). The loans were thus misappropriated instead of being placed in productive areas. The debt problem in Ireland, on the other hand, arises from the private sector – for instance, from the banks, which continue to lend to unproductive investments. Those who were granted loans from the financial institutions were, therefore, unable to finance their loans, and this led to a financial contagion within the sector. From both cases, it is crystal clear that the contribution of the financial sector to preventing currencies from collapsing or to controlling the economic performance is enormous. The first school of thought contends that failure to take decisive actions could result into the spreading of the problem to other countries, which are still considered healthy. Consequently, the interest rates on government could rise, leading to an increase in the level of government debt. This could reach a point in which some countries could stop using the euro, thus aggravating the crisis. It, therefore, means that productive intervention and informed decisions made by the member countries would make the euro regain and flourish while failure to take appropriate actions could impair the existence of the euro (Soros 168). In addition, European Union should advocate for a reduction in

Coretta Scott King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coretta Scott King - Essay Example Discussion Coretta Scott King had worked most of her life for equal rights and peace among the mass. During the time when she was born, African Americans did not have the equivalent rights as other people had. The Scott family was also treated badly because they were African Americans3. The basic identity of Coretta Scott King had been shaped due to racism that she had to encounter in Alabama, in her formative years. She was by then a political activist before her marriage4. She had become a fervent follower of the left-wing Progressive Party, while breaching racial barriers at Antioch College as an undergraduate. Coretta Scott King was attracted to her future husband’s idealism after coming in the New England Conservatory, located in Boston in order to study music. Martin Luther’s rejection of the notion of â€Å"making all the money you can and ignoring people’s needs† had reinforced her own views. They married in the year 1953 and had moved to Alabama, where Dr. King became preacher of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. All through the 1950s and 1960s, she escorted her husband in his campaign for civil rights5. Coretta King emerged as a public figure primarily after the assassination of her husband. She sought opportunities to express her irrepressible idealism. Coretta Scott King joined ‘Women’s Strike for Peace to the Disarmament Conference’ held in Switzerland, Geneva, during the early 1960s expressing her opposition to the Vietnam War several years before her husband was willing to take a public anti-war stand. Similar to her husband, she too viewed the civil rights struggle in the broader context of anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa, in the United States. She along with her husband attended the independence ceremony of Ghana, i.e. Africa’s first black-ruled nation in the year of 1957. In 1959, the Kings travelled to India, where she sang spiritual songs at events in which her husband spoke. After the family moved to Atlanta in the year 1960, she appealed to John F. Kennedy thereby helping to achieve her husband’s discharge from a Georgia reformatory. Furthermore, in 1964, she attended the ceremony in Norway, Oslo for which Dr. King had received Nobel Peace Prize. During mid - 1960s, Coretta King’s association in the civil rights movement had augmented because she took part in ‘freedom concerts’ that encompassed singing, poetry recitation and lectures representing the record of the civil rights movement. The proceeds received were bequeathed to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Before 1968, she also maintained speaking about the commitments that her husband could not accomplish6. Coretta, being the founding president of the King Center, not only campaigned assiduously to establish the national King Holiday but also revealed her magnanimous vision of universal peace as well as social righteousness. She had dynamically propagated her husband’s philosophy of nonviolence after his assassination7. She strongly assumed that death penalty continues the cycle of brutality and shatters all anticipations for a descent civilization. Few days after her husband’s assassination, in Memphis, she led a march on behalf of her husband for sanitation workers. In addition, she also launched the

Billboards And Transit Advertisements Media Essay

Billboards And Transit Advertisements Media Essay Another research Street Smart was a successful pedestrian and bicycle safety program implemented in 2002, to educate the public on the severity of this problem and to promote pedestrian participation organizations concerned about the public safety issue, and funded by several Districts, countries and stat e agencies. Pedestrians were targeted with a variety of outdoor opportunities .12 posters were placed in key Metro stations around the area. 65 bus backs were created and placed on buses. They were targeted to reach pedestrians running to catch buses three posters were produced which dealt with pedestrian behaviors and safety issues. One side was printed in English, with the second side in Spanish. These were distributed for display in government buildings, schools, and libraries, parking garages, grocery stores and various events, In order to validate the campaign and judge effectiveness of the effort, a longitudinal tracking study was conducted both before and after the campaign. Evaluation goals were to discover if public awareness of pedestrian and bicycle safety issues was increased. Awareness of the advertising and public relations campaign for Street Smart increased. Awareness of the advertising and public relations campaign for Street Smart increased significantly between the pre-campaign survey and post-campaign survey among motorists 18 to 44 years of age, although there was a significant increase in awareness of the Street Smart Campaign to make drivers aware of pedestrians and the laws to yield to them in crosswalks. Hence outdoor medium played a significant role in bringing awareness among people. In country India, Coca Cola keep up to the Polio Pulse program, elevated attentiveness throughout outdoor promotion in appearance of hoardings, posters and banners, community declaration on the behalf of companys circulation motor vehicles and improving workers helpers on vaccination axis and also for activate communities. The Government of India prepared to launch the biggest polio vaccination force in 2000, In India Coca Cola and International Rotary declared a foremost nationwide partnership to help the Governments hard works to struggle for the mortal syndrome. It was later calculated (not scientifically) that a large majority of people responded by dropping suggestion in the suggestion boxes. Moreover it was observed that during this campaign the sale revenue of Coca Cola increased. There were at least 35 billboards: Coca Cola India and Rotary International also funded 15-transit advertisement. Their target was not only rural but sub- urban areas as well. The campaign was succes sful in bringing awareness and perception and outdoor medium proved to be an integral part of the media, playing a positive role in the society. If we talked about health care issues, Outdoor advertising plays a very fundamental role. On August 10, 1995, President Clinton announced some steps and plans to restrict the advertising, promotion, distribution and marketing of cigarettes to teenagers (White House Press Release 1995, P. 1). The Government stress on young people to prove identity or show ID card to buy a cigarette and also Government broadcast that billboards advertising cigarettes or smokeless tobacco near playgrounds and schools should be forbidden. Another restriction that Government imposes on Advertising is that Image that attracts Minors is not being appreciated on the billboards. The marketing campaigns used for cigarettes to minor are banned and the ban includes items ranging from single-cigarette sales, T-shirts, and gym bags to the sponsorship of sporting events. The FDA wants to educate the people to start raising funds to and implement an annual $150 million campaign aimed at stopping minors from smoking (White House Press Release 1995, P. 2). Another Goal of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is to reduce half of the number of minors who start smoking. The 1994 Surgeon Generals Report (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994, p. 5) found that over three million children smoke cigarettes and a supplementary one million teenager males use smokeless tobacco also daily 3000 youths become regular smokers (Institute of Medicine 1994, p.8). The younger the age that a person starts to smoke the superior the chance of becoming a heavy smoker (cf. Escobedo et al. 1993; Taioli and Wynder, 1991). Seventy percent of minors who do smoke apologize for their assessment and 66% would like to give up (George H. Gallup International Institute 1992, p. 54). Although the smoking rates for adults have declined, the smoking rates of minors have failed to decline in a decade. In the FDAs (1995) Proposed Rules, Section 897.30(a) sets out acceptable forms of advertising. Advertising that has the cigarette or smokeless tobacco product brand name (unaccompanied or in combination with any other word) or any other indicia of tobacco product classification may appear only in newspapers, magazines, journals or other publications; on billboards, posters, and placards (in accordance with section 897.30b). Another Section 897.30(a) deals with advertising of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco goods to adults. The use of color is not prohibited in these advertisements. The advertisements may have slogans, symbol, and other forms of categorization. Imagery is allowed, because the effect on young people would be nominal. Section 897.30(a) places no limitations on advertisements for tobacco products in adult publications. Projected Rule Section 897.30(b) states that no outdoor advertising, such as billboards, posters, or placards, may be placed within 1000 feet of any playground, elementary school, or secondary school (p. 41374). The projected policy put out numerous separate rest rictions on advertising. The first illustrates acceptable forms of advertisements in adult publications (Section 897.30a) and a more preventive format in publications that are understand by those less than 18 years of age (Section, 897.32). The second exclude outdoor advertising within 1000 feet of schools and play- grounds (Section, 897.30b). The third prohibits the marketing of sales promotion items (e.g., T-shirts) bearing any indicia of product recognition and prohibits the funding of events in the brand name (Section, 897.34). The rationale behind the conventions is not to avoid all sales of tobacco products, but the sale of these products to children and teenagers. The projected guideline limiting the design of advertising to minors should withstand a legal challenge. The Division of Health and Human Services has various studies to express the connection among smoking and health risks. The smoking velocity started to turn down later than cigarette advertisements were forbidden from the electronic medium. The projected limitations on outdoor advertising and the proposed ban of promotional matter also are expected to survive legal inspection. Governmental history supports this vision. So it can now rightly be said that Outdoor media can play a vital role in the society norms and prevents any discrepancy. Continuation of Outdoor advertisement related with marketing and restrictions, it is said that the U.S cigarette companies have been under pressure for decades. The most major problem facing by U.S tobacco industry is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rule. The rules for FDA are to restrict the sale and distribution of tobacco products to children (60 Fed. Reg. 41314). After only one year of this restriction the FDA announced and intended to protect children from using tobacco products. (61 Fed. Reg. 44396). Here the role of Outdoor advertisement is for social purpose. Through advertising you can convey bad message as well as creative and constructive message and for that FDA bans the cartoon images to protect the children from taking tobacco habits. Only advertisement allows portraying the people such as Marlboro cowboy. The FDA also rule, that advertising should not be in white backgrounds and black text. The specific rule that had been taken by FDA for outdoor advertisement w as to ban all billboards within 1000 feet of schools and playgrounds and limit all outdoor advertisement to black and white only. According to FDA agreement all transit advertisement including sign in stadiums, arenas, shopping malls, video gaming centers related with tobacco industry must be prohibited. Here the main problem is for the retailers and the manufacturers of the tobacco industries. Hence the proposed settlement was to ban all outdoor advertisement even if advertising is inside a retail store that was visible from outside so it is not surprising that tobacco industry suffers tobacco marketing restrictions. So it can now rightly be said that outdoor media advertisement played a key role for creating perception of the people. If you do outdoor advertisement for social cause then definitely it creates impact to the people by generating awareness. So outdoor media is a unique and effective media for communicating with the people. Hence understanding the importance of this me dia, government implements certain rules and regulations. More lately, (Pollay, 1986) recommended that advertisement is so persistent, rhythmic, and specialized that involuntarily it can affect our society in both negative and positive way as a entertaining institution. Furthermore, (Lantos, 1987) accomplished that advertising imperfectly reflects our lives, although it can strengthen and accelerate the pace of social change. A very interesting fact is that the majority of disapproval of advertising from those who focus on advertising social functions. A quote from a Stanford historian amplifies this concern. Although it wields a huge social authority, comparable to the influence of religion and learning, it has no social goals and no social accountability for what it does with its influence so long as it refrains from palpable violations of truth and decency. It is this lack of institutional responsibility, this lack of inborn social purpose to balance social power which, I would argue, is a basic cause for concern about the role of advertising (Potter 1954, p. 177). In 1959, the National Industrial Conference Board carries out a survey between advertisers to find out the common areas of concern for advertising management. As a result of their survey, the Board initiated major studies dealing with the following topics: Estimated spending strategies. Pre-testing advertising. Evaluating media and determining advertising efficiency. In additional words, all of these conclusion making areas are apprehensive with civilizing the efficiency of the advertising effort, but they imagine that the firms strategic decision to advertise was sound. So it can now rightly be said that advertising is a much additional effective promotional tool for escalating brand demand in some manufactured goods/market situations than others. Booming advertising depends on the correct combination of several factors. The most of these factors includes (The Economic Effects of Advertising, Neil Borden) The tendency of demand in the exacting industry is supposed to be getting higher. There are supposed to be an opening to encourage particular demand. There is considerable chance for product discrimination. Consumer happiness depends on unknown characters that cant be easily evaluate at the time of acquire. Powerful emotional buying motivation survives. The arrangement of potential unit sales times rate of gross margin must be high sufficient to authorize necessary advertising expenditures in the particular product. So the basic purpose of advertising appraisal system explained above is to discover what role advertising should play in completing the marketing goals of the firm. The process of setting advertising objectives has the benefit of supporting management in setting objectives which are responsive to conditions within the firm, the market, and the economic environment. The strategic importance of the appraisal conclusion in the series of advertising management decisions is demonstrated as under. Figure 2.1 This structured procedure that described above is to suggest relieve to managerial resolution making. Advertising in Pakistan Advertising industry in Pakistan has flourished immensely and has bought handsome revenue to the country. Advertising in Pakistan according to Aurora, a bi-monthly magazine published by Dawn Group of publication in November -December 2004 edition, Maryam Ali Baig writes despite the endemic weakness of Pakistans economy in the last 10 years, the advertising industry has seen growth during this period. Moreover, the total worth of the advertising market in 2002 was, according to Gallup estimates, 8.1 billion rupees. (135 million dollars annually). Advertisers in Pakistan cater almost all the needs of the people. There are all types of advertising being done in Pakistan. Due to innovation in technology and graphics advertising in Pakistan has taken a new step. The advertisers now urge for the very best for their product. Brief History of Advertising in Pakistan Advertising was first seen in form of print in Pakistan. Newspaper was the first medium for the advertising later. Magazines and other form were chosen for advertising. Radio also aired advertising, after all these advertisements were bringing in, profits with them. Television emerged late in broad medium of Pakistan. However, it became an effective medium for the advertisers. Not only international products, but also national products were advertised on television. Advertising agencies with the advancement in technology adopted new trends. Outdoor advertising became an integral part for any commercial or non-commercial advertising. Although being the oldest medium, it was recognized later in Pakistan. Advertising Media in Pakistan The advertising media being used in Pakistan is covering almost all international standards. The advertisement media in Pakistan includes: Broadcast (Television, radio), Print (Newspaper, Magazines, Pamphlets, Broachers, Banners), outdoor (Billboards, Transit Advertising, Electronic Billboard, Posters), below the line (Loyalty Cards, Buntings, other stationary items). Advertising in Pakistan, has set new parameters designed for development in many grounds. Like many other fields, advertising in Pakistan, is playing a positive role in progression for the country. Advertising itself, has many roles which it performs in many any society. Pakistani society, on the whole is based on religious governing comprising of sacred norms and folkways. There are certain dos and donts in any society. Advertisers are bound to follow these norms for their own good will and success. Advertising in Pakistan is performing all these roles. Advertisers in Pakistan follow the given norms and values of the society. For example, it is unethical to advertise anything regarding sexual context, Champaign advertisement, or anything against National Integrity of Pakistan. Furthermore, it is unethical to advertise anything about any religion. Advertising is playing a vital role in Pakistani society both economically and socially. It is catering for the needs of the audiences in many ways for example, by providing them consumer good services, informing them about new products, entertaining them with new methods and last but not the least, performing many social cause tasks to gain goodwill and publicity for their name. Functions of Advertising in Pakistan Advertising performs four main functions in any society. To Inform To interpret To entertain To persuade In Pakistan, the advertising takes the responsibility of informing people about new products and services. This is not only in commercial use but non-commercial field as well. The advertisers select the media for transmission of their message accordingly to the requirement of the product/service. The audiences are informed through various mediums of mass communication. It is generally observed, that many times people dont know the importance or value of the product or service. Hence, it is the responsibility of the advertiser that he interprets the core meaning of the product/ service in the right manner. In Pakistan advertising share a healthy and sometimes conflicting competition. Various products/ services require different types of entertainment. There are many new trends being brought into this field. For instance, Hilal Sweets has taken the initiative of bringing in banded songs for their products. Pakistani advertising also carries other elements such as celebrity endorsement, transformational advertisement. Advertising in Pakistan, Has given a boost to the economy of Pakistan. The main function of advertising in although to persuade the audiences to actually purchase or adopt their product and service. Although, persuasion alone doesnt complete the entire function. It is interconnected with other functions to be a success. Tools of Advertising in Pakistan Some important tools for advertising in Pakistan are newspaper, magazine, radio, television, direct mail and mail order, outdoor display and transportation. (Tariq khan, 2001) Print The reading habits of Pakistani society are not healthy as compare to the broadcast medium. Another reason can be of low rate of literacy. Yet, mostly the advertisements are targeting to the audience through newspaper, magazines, pamphlets and many other forms of print. It can also be the reason of flexibility of the coverage aspect. Other than that fresh and new advertising can also be done through newspapers. For instance, Mobilink, a famous cellular company in Pakistan recently launched its testing campaign through print and then finally executed in the newspaper. Magazines are also a source of advertising in Print. They are further divided into many categories. For instance, a fashion magazine covers all the aspects of fashion and advertising what is new and what are the coming trends. They are not as popular for advertising as they are a bit expensive and probably not the feasible medium for people. Broadcast Television is a dynamic force in the advertising field. In Pakistan, advertising is heavily relay upon television.There are various time slots as morning time transmission, noon, prime time and nighttime transmission. Mostly prime time is selected for advertisements. The Viewer ship of this time slot, in comparison with others is high. There is also an aura of glamour and excitement about television, which extends to the products being advertised like newspaper and radio also depends upon advertising. In Pakistan radio is an effective medium of mass communication. It has a wide scope and is capable of nation-wide as well as local presentation. Due to its reach in villages it can also attract agricultural, fertilizer and pesticides advertising. Like television, radio also has a proper time to advertise these products/services. These advertisements are aired when the listeners are not engaged in other activities. Outdoor Outdoor advertising in Pakistan can be tailored to cover a specific area and the whole city as well. In Pakistan, the outdoor advertising enjoys the distinctly visual advantages of color, size and locations. Billboards and chalking on walls are stationary tools of outdoor advertising. Whereas transit is the mobile tool of outdoor advertising Significance and scope of Advertising in Pakistan In Pakistan, advertising is message industry that plays a major role in shaping the content and operation of the mass media. Advertising plays an important role in our culture. It not only shapes our lifestyles but also reflects what our cultural norms are. Furthermore, Pakistan being a developing country does face hurdles in this field. There are certain norms, which should not be violated while designing any advertisement. (Abbas Qamar, 2001). Advertising Done in Pakistan for social cause Before discussing various types of social advertising being done here in Pakistan an overlook on the meaning and importance of the word social has to be comprehended. Further why is it associated with advertising? The word Social comes from Latin language socialis meaning ally, associate. According to dictionary it means involving allies or confederates. In context of the meaning it can be said that social is involving, interacting or conflicting with each other or with the environment. It would be more appropriate if social is taken in terms of society. The meanings given above indicate to involvement. But involvement with whom? Obviously with each other and that is done in any group, which is a semi part of any society. It is understood that social leads in reference to society and in any society many functions need to be sustained. Any society may be comprehensively described as an organized community of people who live and function in a single social medium. Thus, it can be said that society may have many other divisions. Any society can be divided into further divisions such as health, political, educational, legislative, environmental and social. In context of the previous discussion it can be said that society has various divisions and sub divisions. In Pakistani society, the advertising medium is being done in various sectors. Some of them are discussed below. Health Advertising The Ministry of Health in Pakistan has taken measures to promote the message of the institution. For this purpose they have chosen various mediums to promote these issues. A successful example of this may be polio campaigns around Pakistan. The techniques used by them are similar to the advertising techniques. Another example cited here can be HIV/AIDS. Both issues are being highlighted in a very successful manner. There are some donts in making of the later advertisement, which are observed strictly in making of the advertisement. Every medium has different reach and frequency and they are selected on those basis. Political Advertising During elections and other political rallies, advertising of the political parties plays a significant role in promoting good name for them. For this purpose, various techniques are used. There are respective advertising messages done by them. More ever, social advertising in this aspect makes a feasible change in their voting list. In Pakistan, even to-date these rallies and elections use orthodox methods in promoting their message more effectively. Legislative Advertising In Pakistan, the main body is the Legislative body. For the government, the taxes implied for any advertisement is reduced. In addition, government takes measures to advertise in welfare of public as well as for their own interest. Educational Advertising In Pakistan, education is the most talked issue of today. Successful examples were Punjab Educational Program and another example is of National Development Housing in Karachi. The purpose is to create awareness among people about educating their children and giving them best in life. For this objective, advertising techniques are used to promote the cause. Outdoor Social Issues Other than the above-mentioned issues, there are social issues being highlighted in advertising. They are advertised either by any company as their social responsibility, or by any non-governmental organization to promote any social cause. For instance, advertising of women rights through various mediums. Social responsibility Social Advertising has developed tremendously in Pakistan. Companies usually support particular causes or sectors and adopt these through a comprehensive and complicated internal decision making process. For Instance McDonald Pakistan hosted Worldwide Children Day. Moreover, they raised funds for the helpless children. Shell Pakistan Assigns a certain percentage of its net profits to social investment that is unrelated to branding. The five key areas shell supports are: health, education, community welfare, heritage and environment. These are in line with its commitment to sustainable development. The Dalda Campaign aimed at raising fifty hundred thousand rupees for the Shoukat Khanum Memorial Hospital. Dalda placed billboards at prominent locations in the major as well as smaller cities of Pakistan. After sometimes of this campaign, Dalda informed its consumer that about thirty hundred thousand rupees were raised for this purpose. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Method of Data Collection Procedure For data collection, I had to go to common people and interview with the respondent. Asking them about their age and giving them the questionnaire. As the sample was mostly the mobile audience, I had to wait with them until they had finished the questionnaire. The sample size for the research was one hundred and one hundred questionnaire was finalized. 3.2 Sampling Technique Convenience sampling technique was used. The sample for conducting this research comprised of both male and female .Mostly they were selected from the public places. 3.3 Sample Size The sample size for this research was 100. Instruments of Data Collection Keeping in view the requirement of the study a questionnaire comprising ten questions was constructed. Mostly close-ended questions were opted in which respondents were asked to select an answer among a list. 3.6 Statistical Technique After data collection, data was designed with the help of SPSS for composing thesis script. Technique of one way ANOVA has been used to test the variables. CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 Findings and Interpretations of the results Technique One way ANOVA Dependent variable = Social Cause (Average of Q 6,7,8,9, 10) Independent variable is found in question no 2, which depends on 5 categories a) AIDS Awareness b) Anti smoking c) Reckless driving e) Health cause d) Drug/Alcohol abuse Test of Homogeneity of Variances Table 4.1 Social. Cause Levine Statistic df1 df2 Sig. 2.166 4 95 .079 Assumption of homogeneity of variance is not violated ANOVA Table 4.2 Social. Cause Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1.285 4 .321 1.097 .363 Within Groups 27.821 95 .293 Total 29.106 99 Sig value is greater than 0.05 which shows that the mean difference between all categories is not significant. Descriptives Table 4.3 Social. Cause N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound AIDS Awareness 24 4.1667 .45556 .09299 3.9743 4.3590 3.40 4.80 Anti smoking 41 3.9171 .50789 .07932 3.7568 4.0774 2.80 5.00 Reckless driving 18 3.8667 .67563 .15925 3.5307 4.2026 2.80 4.80 Health cause 15 4.0267 .59458 .15352 3.6974 4.3559 3.00 4.80 Drug/Alcohol abuse 2 4.1000 .14142 .10000 2.8294 5.3706 4.00 4.20 Total 100 3.9880 .54221 .05422 3.8804 4.0956 2.80 5.00 4.2 Hypotheses Assessment Summary According to this table, the mean value for all social causes is around 4 that reflect the highly significant effect of out door advertisement in creating perception and awareness for social cause. This shows that the hypothesis reflects a positive role of social advertisement in bringing awareness and perception for social cause. The awareness level for all the causes are there. People know the effectiveness of social advertisement. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION, IMLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion According to the research and the research result, the study shows that there is the positive role of outdoor social advertisement for bringing perception and awareness for social causes. People show the outdoor advertisements and create perception for certain causes. For Example in Reckless driving cause, people daily see the road signs of using helmet while driving a motorcycle, we also see a common slogan for reckless driving Speed thrills but kills or the people also see the speed limits while driving. So there is an awareness level build inside the people. 5.2 Discussion The outside screening viewers are mostly portable. The Public take a trip rapidly in automobiles or walk at a quick speed as they execute the movement of everyday life. Accurately measuring the mobile audience is very difficult however, for this research survey method was used. For this purpose the sample selected was 100 (n=100). The sample selected was divided into three age groups that are 20-25, 26-30 and 31-36 respectively. The age groups include male and female both. Awareness levels are not significantly different between men and women regarding outdoor that is seen and remembered by a greater proportion of 16-44 olds. The sample was divided, in three age groups to analyze, the awareness of the social outdoor advertising. The first group was basically: chosen in order to, analyze their awareness regarding social outdoor advertising. The people of this age group are young, and they are probably more inclined towards adopting new trends and change. The second age group was selec ted in general, because these people are heading towards, their practical and professional life and they probably take more practical measures to imply these social message in their life. The people of the third age group are probably more learned and experienced. It has generally been observed that people of this age group are mostly reluctant towards innovation .So, to see if social outdoor advertising has been successful in bringing awareness in their already formed ideas and concepts, this age group has been selected. All the institutions within society have some responsibility for helping to maintain social harmony through proper stewardship of families and companies exercise of honesty and integrity in all relationships, adherence to accept ethical standards, willingness to assist various segments of the society, and the courtesy to respect the privacy of others. Furthermore, media being an integral part of society plays an important role in any society. Outdoor is considered to be one of the oldest advertising mediums, yet technology has provided an opportunity to develop creative, eye-catching messages. The need to convey the social messages to a large number of people at same pace and time has been provided by social outdoor advertising. This research is based on Role of outdoor advertisement in bringing perception and awareness for social cause. Thus, the survey leads me to the conclusion that the hypothesis is correct in empathizing that outdoor advertisement plays a positive role in bringi ng perception and awareness for social cause.

The Movie Wit Essay -- Wit Movies Films Film Essays

The Movie "Wit" In the movie Wit, English literary scholar Vivian Bearing has spent years translating and interpreting the poetry of John Donne. Unfortunately, she is a person who has cultivated her intellect at the expense of her heart. Both colleagues and students view Bearing as a chilly and unfriendly person lost in her private world of words and mysterious thoughts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 48, she is diagnosed with stage-four metastatic ovarian cancer. Dr. Kelekian wants her to take eight high-dose experimental chemotherapy treatments for eight months. He warns her that she will need to be "tough" to rely upon large reserves of inner courage and willpower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vivian tries to remain tolerant as she suffers through questions and tests from technicians; "grand rounds," where she is prodded by medical students and treated like a specimen rather than a human being. Through her whole ordeal she has to face the loneliness of the hospital not to mention of grueling time spent in an isolation ward. She had no visitors, and the hospital was no place for fun. There is even a part in the movie where Vivian speaks about the dull and tedious hospital atmosphere. Most regrettably, through all of this she is dealing with the terrible side-effects of the chemotherapy; and then the pain of the still spreading cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through several flashbacks we gain insights into Vivian's life: an encounter with her mentor E. M. Ashford, who warns her to spend more time with friends; a ...

In All my sons, characters often invoke money as a reason for relinquishing ideals or hopes

In All my sons, characters often invoke money as a reason for relinquishing ideals or hopes. Comment on this statement with reference to the play. All My Sons was Arthur Miller's first commercially successful play, and opened at the Coronet Theatre in New York on January, 29 1947. It ran for 328 performances and garnered important critical acclaim for the dramatist, winning him the prestigious New York Drama Critics' Circle Award.† Through All my Sons, the playwright suggests the ethnical failings of the ‘American dream'. He indicates the flaw with a merely economic interpretation of the American Dream as business success alone. Miller's play also represents the failings of a capitalist society, who are willing to sacrifice idealism for economic stability. Miller not only critiques the inability of humans to make moral decisions, but a system that would encourage profit and greed at the expense of human life and happiness. Joe Keller, the protagonist of the play, is a character that has strived to achieve the American dream, and the material comforts offered by modern American life. He interprets the American Dream as merely business success alone, and in his pursuit of it, relinquishes other parts of the so-called Dream. He sacrifices his human decency and a successful family life when he issues the order for the sale of sub-standard cylinder heads. However Keller can live with his actions because he believes through the selling of the faulty plane parts, he has maintained economic stability (by keeping the business alive) and secured a successful future for his son Chris, ‘I did it for you Chris, the whole dam shooting match was for you'. He has, In short, sacrificed his lifelong hopes of achieving the American dream purely for monetary success. It could also be argued that Keller sacrificed Steve, his business partner in order for the business to stay afloat. By blaming Steve for the issuing of the cylinder heads, the business was not shut down, which would have cost Joe and his family, everything. Similarly, Larry's suicide was as a result of Keller selling the faulty parts, so indirectly, he has sacrificed his son for simple economic stability. Chris Keller is described by other characters through out the play as an idealist, although we do not see this trait in action aside from his angry response to the wartime profiteering. Yet the others define him by his idealism, setting him apart as a man of scruples. However, like many of the characters he sacrifices these principles and ideals, in his case not for money, but for the cause of practicality when he is faced with the prospect of sending his father to jail, ‘I can't send that animal away'. He also sacrifices his marital prospects with Annie, because he believes that his father's crime will ruin their relationship, ‘I'm sorry Annie†¦but it will always be there.' This abandonment of his hopes makes us question if idealism is sustainable in a fallen, complex world? If ideals must be sacrificed, is there any supervening principle to help us decide which ideals should be sacrificed in which circumstances? George Deever is the son of Steve, Joe Keller's imprisoned business partner. George lived next door to the Keller's as a child and also represents a character that sacrificed his ideals for money. His abandonment of his hometown for big city success to become a lawyer prevented him from marrying Lydia, ‘She's a genius! You should've married her.' Lydia is now married to Frank, and has three children by him, and is no longer available to George as a result of his monetary pursuits. Dr. Jim Bayliss is the next door neighbour of Joe Keller. Jim has also succumbed to the pressures of financial success, though only through the influence of his wife, Sue. There is a rift in their marriage over Dr. Bayliss's desire to do unprofitable research in the Caribbean, because his wife wants him to make more money instead of do what he enjoys and what will help others. ‘Research pays twenty-five dollars a week minus laundering the hair shirt. You've got to give up your life to go into it.' This further illustrates the attitude towards money that Miller's characters possess. In conclusion, Miller's depiction of modern day America demonstrates his belief that people no longer understand the obligation to society as a whole. The American dream has become a pursuit of material prosperity, and the inability of people to sacrifice monetary success to follow their dreams is as a result of a society which encourages selfishness. Miller utilizes Keller as the medium to represent the sector of working class citizens set on financial accomplishment. However, Keller's sacrifice at the end of the play might symbolise Miller's determination to believe that society as a whole can re-evaluate our principles, and understand there are more important things than money.

Examining The Crusades On Christian People Religion Essay Example

Examining The Crusades On Christian People Religion Essay Example Examining The Crusades On Christian People Religion Essay Examining The Crusades On Christian People Religion Essay The Crusades were an effort by Christians to recapture lands taken by Muslims. The functions of Popes Urban II, Eugenius II and Gregory VIII were trigger factors in act uponing people to contend. Peter the Hermit was besides seen as an of import figure due to his magnetic addresss. Religious wagess of redemption and pilgrims journey to the Holy Land made people believe that they would have religious benefit. Many hapless people besides wished to get land and wealth to assist better their lives. At the latter phases, there was a reaction to Muslim leaders Al-Din-Zengi and Saladin, who fought to recapture the Holy Land from the Christians. Peoples went on campaigns to the East was because of the function of Pope Urban II. Harmonizing to Phillips, Pope Urban II s address willed people to liberate the metropolis of Jerusalem from the clasp of the Muslims.[ 1 ]Robert the Monk wrote following Urban s address, there were shrieks of God wills it! [ 2 ]The exclaiming grade reveals the support which Pope Urban II had and it suggests that people would be making God s responsibility by take parting in the campaign. Balderic of Dol reveals that Urban II stated, our Christian brothers are scourged, oppressed, and injured in Jerusalem. [ 3 ]These adjectives may hold inspired many people to contend as it were their fellow Christians who were enduring, and therefore it is was their responsibility to delight God and fight. This suggests that many people went on campaign to contend in the name of God and assist fellow Christians. A different position is given by Mayer, who believes that the motivation was to emancipate the eastern chur ches.[ 4 ]This position is valid because, in Pope Urban s letters to the Flemings the chief motivation is to liberate the eastern churches and Jerusalem is non mentioned. Mayer suggests that in order to increase support for the campaigns Pope Urban may hold stirred up the impression of holy war, but his personal purpose was to emancipate the Eastern Church.[ 5 ]This may be a valid position as the lone manner the Eastern Church would be liberated would be if the Muslims were defeated, and for this Pope Urban II needed support. This suggests that Pope Urban II was merely utilizing people to assist emancipate the Eastern Church. Pilgrimage is another ground why people went on campaigns. Gregory VII used soldiers of Christ to contend against people against Christianity in Italy, and therefore it is non surprise that Pope Urban II s address was a success, as Western Europeans had already experienced being armed pilgrims. However, the writer of the Gesta Francorum described Crusaders who had fought in Jerusalem as unarmed. [ 6 ]This suggests that people went on campaigns, non to merely contend but to besides see the topographic points where many people believed Christ had been present. This is disputed by Riley-Smith who believed that people did non wish to contend for God, but to free themselves of wickednesss so they may achieve redemption.[ 7 ]For illustration, Christians believed, those who join the ground forces, will have ageless wagess when they die. [ 8 ]These eternal wagess infers to redemption and abdicating the rhythm of births and deceases. Christians believed have oning the cross was a mark of sa lvation and what he believed distinguished Christians from Muslims. Thus, the more likely position for why people went on the campaigns was likely to achieve redemption, as people believed God would be pleased and honor them consequently. The Cult of Saints is a ground why people went on campaigns. Phillips suggests that saints were an of import portion of people s lives and a function theoretical account for many people.[ 9 ]In the Gesta Francorum, the writer negotiations about how saint s relics were treasured and cared for, and placed in coffins .[ 10 ]The adjectives, treasured, placed and cared suggests that saint s relics were valued by many people who brought back points connected with the life of saints from the Holy Land. Harmonizing to the Gesta Francorum, knights during the First Crusade stated, TodayaˆÂ ¦.you will all derive much loot. [ 11 ]This booty may hold been holy relics associated with saints and so many knights went out to capture the Holy Sephulchre. This is because relics were physical grounds of the Godhead and people believed they would bless a household and this is why people went on campaign. Therefore, Phillip s position is valid. The function of Peter the Hermit can be debated. Godsell suggests that he knew the will of God and wished to distribute it.[ 12 ]Indeed, Peter himself claimed he saw visions and dreams. [ 13 ]It is claimed that he had visions at the Sepulchre of Christ in Jerusalem. It is besides said that he had a missive from God, stating the Christians to drive the Muslims from the E, and transcripts of this missive were distributed. This suggests that many people would hold believed Peter as it was a message from God which they had to obey. However, Mayer debates that this was a hoax and gives him small recognition for doing people travel on campaign.[ 14 ]Although it may hold been a fraud to possibly increase his celebrity, it is in fact probably that he did do people travel on campaign so Mayer s position can be questioned. One individual at the clip wrote he had a magnetic personality. [ 15 ]This is because he spoke with fluency and personal appeal and was able to do people believe that they were making a responsibility for God. Furthermore, 1000s of people followed Peter the Hermit and went on campaign, which proves that he was a cardinal ground why many people set out on campaigns to the E. Russell besides question Mayer s statement who claims, he kindled the enthusiastic ardor with which himself was animated. [ 16 ] The demand to get land and wealth was another ground. Phillips reveals that the Franks wished to spread out their colony into Levant.[ 17 ]Indeed, there were people who wished to get new belongingss and to increase their fiscal privileges. Besides, people populating in the Low Countries were sing dearth and overcrowding, so Phillips position is right. However, a more likely position for enlargement into Levant may hold been to increase the imperiums economic engagement with other society by opening new trade paths. Another reading for taking portion in the campaign can besides be offered. Baldwin II, after the Battle of Ramla, stated, If you surviveaˆÂ ¦you will reflect in gloryaˆÂ ¦if you wish to fleeaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦remember France is a long distance off. [ 18 ]The phrase shine in glorification suggests that if the Gallic forces won, they may be welcomed back into France, nevertheless those who flee will non be able to do it France safely as the journey is long. Thus it could be interpreted as a warning for the long journey, or it could be an encouragement for the Franks to contend and take the land for themselves. It was nt merely the Franks who wished to get land and wealth on their campaign. Harmonizing to Fulcher of Chartre, at Jerusalem Christians following the conflict took much gold and silveraˆÂ ¦from the temple of the Lord. [ 19 ]The noun much suggests that people wished to travel on campaign to go wealthier. The fact that they were stolen from the Godhead suggests that the campaign was non merely a Holy War for many people, but besides an effort to garner wealths. This position is shared by Riley-Smith who believes that the primary purpose was non to delight God but to garner many wealths and land to better people s lives.[ 20 ]For illustration, when the Sultan of Persia Curubura reached Antioch he demanded that he was given the town, hand me over the town instantly. [ 21 ]The word immediately reveals Curbura s demand for land for the Persians, whose bulk were hapless villagers. Therefore, land and wealth were of import for people who went on campaign. The licking at Edessa and Pope Eugenius II s Quantum Praedecessors is another ground why the campaigns occurred. Harmonizing to Nicholson, the gaining control of Edessa showed Imad-Al-din-Zengi to be a ruthless leader. [ 22 ]Indeed, money from the churches was looted and kids and adult females were besides murdered. As Fulcher of Chartres stated, Women and kids were non spared. [ 23 ]The negative not spared shows that Nicholson s position about Zengi is valid and that he would non save anything, even women and kids who were non involved in the combat. Pope Eugenius II s address was a reaction to this. He declared that Lords should fight the heathens who have spilled our male parent s blood. This strong image of blood being spilled, suggests that the Catholic Pope was outraged by the Muslims efforts at taking over land. Phillips points out the reaction to this address, was widespread, with many vocals and verse forms written. One such vocal was called the Trouvere vocal, which stat ed, Edessa is takenaˆÂ ¦.the Christians are sorely afflictedaˆÂ ¦the churches are burned and abandoned. The adjectival sorely reveals the affectional motivation of the vocal which, together with the fact that churches were burnt and abandoned helped to enroll many soldiers for the 2nd campaign. Therefore, the autumn of Edessa and the Quantum Praedecessors are of import. Peoples set out on campaigns to respond to Saladin s efforts to recapture land from the Christians during the 3rd campaign. The historian Ibn Al -Athir believes that the Battle of Hattin and the autumn of Jerusalem were a trigger factors for western reaction to the Muslims.[ 24 ]Before the Battle of Hattin, Saladin had stated, My feeling is that we should face all the enemy s forces with the forces of Islam. [ 25 ]This is important because it reveals the finding of Saladin to recover the sanctum land for the Arabs. Indeed, this finding can be seen with the slaying of Raynald of Chatillion at Hattin and at Jerusalem Christian Churches were converted into Mosques. Thus, Ibn Al -Athir has a valid position as it triggered a reaction from Pope Gregory VIII. Phillips believes that the Audita tremendi is more of import than the besieging of Hattin and Jerusalem as it was stirring and magnetic.[ 26 ]For illustration, the Pope stated, we have been confounded with great horroraˆÂ ¦a蠈 ‚ ¦and great sorrow. [ 27 ]The repeat of the word great emphasises the choler at people he calls the pagans . The words horror and grieve uncover a image of decease and agony for the Christians. There was a response of this supplication, from William of Sicily who sent a fleet of 50 gallies to Tripoli. Another consequence of the Pope s sermon was that the public s choler was exacerbated by verse forms and fighting vocals. Artists painted images which depicted Christians being murdered by the Muslims at Jerusalem. Thus, the more likely ground was due to Pope Gregory VIII address because with him being the Vicar Christi, people believed he was the representative of Christ on Earth and would hold listened to him. Christians went on campaign for a ground which was emphasised by Pope Urban II: assisting the fellow Christian. However, Pope Urban II may hold used many Christians in order to assist emancipate the eastern churches. Peter the anchorite s Charismatic addresss made people set out on campaign. The demand for Salvation and the Cult of Saints were besides important. However, there were besides motivations to hold more land and wealth which made people steal money and the Franks wished to spread out their imperium. The success of Zengi in Edessa made Christians even more determined to contend the Muslims. Following the Christians successes, Saladin wanted to get the better of the Christians in the Holy Land during the 3rd campaign. This brought a reaction from Pope Gregory VIII who willed people to get the better of the Muslim Forces.

Legal Canadian Smoking Age by Province and Territory

Legal Canadian Smoking Age by Province and Territory The legal smoking age in Canada is the age at which a person is allowed to buy tobacco products, including cigarettes. The legal smoking age in Canada is set by each province and territory in Canada. Buying tobacco is split more or less evenly between age 18 and age 19 across Canadas provinces and territories: Legal Smoking Age in the Provinces and Territories of Canada   Alberta - 18British Columbia - 19Manitoba - 18New Brunswick - 19Newfoundland and Labrador - 19Northwest Territories - 18Nova Scotia - 19Nunavut - 18Ontario - 19Prince Edward Island - 19Quebec - 18Saskatchewan - 18Yukon Territory - 18 Selling tobacco is tightly regulated in most areas. In Ontario, for instance, the seller, whose age is not regulated, must request identification from any person who appears to be younger than 25 years old, and the seller must determine that the prospective buyer is at least 19 years old before selling tobacco products to that person. Smoking Is Banned in Indoor Public Spaces As of 2010, all territories and provinces and the federal government have enacted relatively consistent legislation banning public smoking in their jurisdictions. The legislation bans smoking in indoor public spaces and workplaces such as restaurants, bars, and casinos. The federal governments ban applies to federal workplaces and to federally regulated businesses such as airports. There is growing support for raising the minimum legal smoking age to 21  across the country to make access to tobacco more difficult and tamp down tobacco-related illness and deaths.  About 37,000 people die in Canada every year from a smoking-related illness. The Movement to Raise Legal Smoking Age to 21 The federal government suggested in early 2017 moving the legal smoking age to 21. The  idea of raising the minimum smoking age was put forward in a Health Canada paper considering ways to reach a 5 percent national smoking rate by 2035. In 2017, it stood at 13 percent. The federal government is reportedly not ruling out the possibility of raising the minimum smoking age to 21. The intent would be to try and reduce the number of young people picking up the habit. Federal Health Minister Jane Philpott said,  It’s time to push the envelope. What are those next steps? We’ve put out some bold ideas, things like raising the age of access. Things like putting restrictions in terms of multiperson dwellings. We want to hear what Canadians think about those [ideas].† Cancer Society Supports Raising the Minimum Age The  Canadian Cancer Society  says it  supports the idea of setting a federal smoking age of 21. Rob Cunningham, a senior policy analyst with the society, says he believes raising the smoking age is an inevitability and cites a 2015 study by the US National  Institute of Medicine, which suggests that raising the legal smoking age to 21 could drop the smoking rate by roughly 12 percent and eventually reduce smoking-related deaths by 10 percent. Study Shows Drop in Smokers In the first quarter of 2017, the national group Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (PSC) released its health survey on 2000–2014 tobacco use in Canada.  During this period, there was an overall 1.1 million drop in the number of Canadian  smokers, while  the number of smokers ages 15 to 19 also dropped but remained substantial. The percentage of Canadians who smoked fell by one-quarter, from 26% of Canadians aged 12 or older to 19%.  Over the  2000–2014 study period, the  majority of people ages 20 to 29 who have ever smoked reported smoking their first cigarette between the age of 15 and 19, while the percentage of those who reported their first cigarette over the age of 20 increased slightly from 7 percent to 12 percent.

Harlem Renaissance Poets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Harlem Renaissance Poets - Research Paper Example Moreover, before, poetry and literature had been dominated by the white people and was all about white culture. However, he brought an explosion of black literature; hence, giving the minority groups a voice. He also gave them pride and hope of a brighter future; hence, encouraging them to reject the principles that had been set out by the white models by expressing their creativity and individuality (America’s Story, n.d). Countee Collen was born in the year 1903 in New York and was an American poet and a leading figure during the period of Harlem Renaissance. He played a major role because he was able to establish a new aesthetic as far as racial statement was concerned with the help of his colleagues by writing poems. His formal education in an environment that was full of white people shaped his literary life in believing that no race was superior to the other; hence, wrote poems on racism and how unfair it was. Research shows that he was the most representative voice during that era and helped in ensuring impartiality for all. He also believed that art transcended all races; hence could be used as a means of minimizing the distance between the white and the black people. He also gave hope to black poets by showing them that they could excel in a realm that was dominated by white culture (Poetry Foundation, 2014). The Harlem Renaissance period was characterized by dualism, which was also known as double consciousness that was focused on evaluating whether black artists ought to remain bound to their African roots or cultural assimilation was inevitable for them. For instance, ‘the Negro Speaks of Rivers’ is a poem by Langston Hughes that addresses the rich history of the black people. In his poem, the audiences are able to visualize and create mental images on how the black people struggled with their identity. Hughes uses elements such as symbolism to present the main relationship that existed

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example This paper will examine the perception towards slum tourism through literature exploration (Eveline & Rivke, p 113.) In the slum, setting there is nothing that is called garbage. Everyone in the slum wants a better life, Critics argue out the slums are exploitative, and they do not have a place in ethical travelers` itinerary. Professor David Fenell, at Brock University in Ontario, questioned the fact that the tourists visit places to take pictures and observe the lifestyles of the slum residents. He believes that the main purpose of slum tourism is to make the westerners feel better of their lifestyle in comparison to the slum habitants. They feel lucky on their life situation in comparison them. However, the proponents of slum tourism argue that ignoring poverty will not take it away. Slum tourism helps them to understand what poverty means. The big issue is how to conduct it (The New York Times, 2008) There conceptual ambiguity in slum tourism is based on a failure to set specific goals of tourism. The exact thing that attracts people during the tour in the slums and favelas is not precisely known (Manfred, p. 421). The use of poverty tourism indicates that poverty is the reason for the visits. The critiques argue that tours on the human wretchedness, infirmity, and unworthy living conditions should not be termed as a tourist attraction aspect. This issue has been largely fuelled by the mass media who present the pictures of such conditions. However, the proponents suggest that the word poverty tourism demonstrates the anticipated situation that propels them to go to slums (Eveline & Rivke, p 114.) Many organizers of slum tourism encourage active role-playing of the participants aimed at helping the residents. A church group in Mexico runs a tour of local garbage dumps where the scavengers collect trash to earn a living. In the tour, they make sandwiches and provide water in bottles for the scavenger.